Qualitative agreement exists between theoretical extrusion stresses, based on the upper-bound approach, and experimental values on the cold-extrusion of carbon steel billets. 0.26% and 0.50% carbon steel billets were successfully cold-extruded into round bars, gears, and spline shafts, up to 60% area reduction through conical converging dies. The effect of die geometry on the forming load and the charge of mechanical properties of materials are discussed in details. Fine fiber structures and high surface hardeness were obtained through cold-extrusion of steel. |
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